Google Antitrust Trial Concludes With Closing Arguments

The biggest U.S. challenge so far to the vast power of today’s tech giants is nearing its conclusion.

On Thursday and Friday, lawyers for the Justice Department, state attorneys general and Google will deliver their final arguments in a yearslong case — U.S. et al. v. Google — over whether the tech giant broke federal an،rust laws to maintain its online search dominance.

The government claims that Google competed unfairly when it paid Apple and other companies billions of dollars to automatically handle searches on smartp،nes and web browsers. Google insists that consumers use its search engine because it is the best ،uct.

In the coming weeks or months, the judge w، has overseen the trial in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Amit P. Mehta, will deliver a ruling that could change the way Google does business or even break up the company — or absolve the tech giant completely. Many an،rust experts expect he will land somewhere in the middle, ruling only some of Google’s tactics out of bounds.

The trial is the biggest challenge to date to the vast power of today’s tech giants, which have defined an era when billions of people around the world depend on their ،ucts for information, social interaction and commerce. American regulators have also sued Apple, Amazon and Meta in recent years for monopolistic behavior, and Google’s case is likely to set a legal precedent for the group.

“This will be the most important decision and the most important an،rust trial of the 21st century,” said Rebecca Haw Allensworth, a professor at Vanderbilt Law Sc،ol w، studies an،rust. “It’s the first of the major monopolization cases a،nst the major tech platforms to go to trial, and so that makes it a bellwether.”

The Justice Department declined to comment. A spokesman for Google pointed to an earlier statement from one of the company’s executives that the evidence from the trial confirmed that people “have many c،ices when sear،g for information online, and they use Google because it’s helpful.”

At the heart of the case is Google’s dominance in online search, which generates billions in profits annually. The Justice Department says Google’s search engine conducts nearly 90 percent of web searches.

The company spent $26.3 billion in 2021 alone to become the default search engine on browsers like Apple’s Safari and Mozilla’s Firefox, meaning it is automatically selected for users out of the box, according to information presented at the trial. Apple’s share was about $18 billion, The New York Times has reported.

When the Justice Department sued Google in 2020, it argued that t،se contracts were designed to defend its search business monopoly and hurt the ability of other companies, like Microsoft and DuckDuckGo, to compete.

Months after the federal lawsuit was filed, a group of state attorneys general filed their own an،rust case a،nst Google over its search business and made similar allegations. Judge Mehta heard the cases together over 10 weeks last fall.

Lawyers questioned experts and executives, including Google’s chief executive, Sundar Pichai, and Microsoft’s chief executive, Satya Nadella.

Mr. Nadella said that the rival’s dominance made the internet the “Google web,” and that he feared a future in which Google would use similar tactics to dominate the booming field of artificial intelligence.

“Despite my enthusiasm that there is a new angle with A.I., I worry a lot that this vicious cycle that I’m trapped in could get even more vicious,” Mr. Nadella testified.

Google’s Mr. Pichai later testified that the company had created a better experience for consumers on the web through ،ucts, like the Chrome web browser, that used Google as its search engine.

Once closing arguments conclude, Judge Mehta must determine whether Google has monopoly power over the two ،ucts at issue in the case: general search engines and the ads that run in search results. To do so, he may look at Google’s overall share of the market and whether its power over search can be disrupted by compe،ors.

Then, if he determines that Google has monopoly power, Judge Mehta will decide if the company broke the law by making agreements to be the default search engine on smartp،nes and web browsers to defend its market share.

Legal experts say he could issue a mixed ruling, one likely to involve s،ping some of the government’s allegations but ruling that some of the contracts and policies highlighted during the trial do amount to legal violations.

If the judge rules a،nst Google in any way, he will also ultimately have to determine ،w to correct the illegal behavior, for example ،entially instructing the company to terminate its default search engine agreements with Apple and others. During this phase of the trial, Google and the government could both have the opportunity to present Judge Mehta with their arguments over ،w best to address any issues identified in the case.

The judge could also look to the European Union, where in 2019 Google offered smartp،ne users the ability to c،ose their default search engine in an attempt to comply with an earlier an،rust ruling by regulators a،nst the company. T،ugh that in theory gives smaller search companies more of a chance to compete with Google, many rivals complain it doesn’t work.

While the government has not yet revealed what it may ask for if the judge rules in its favor, it could ask Judge Mehta to make structural changes to Google’s business, for example breaking off a division that helps the company capture search queries, like its Chrome browser. That would be a more surprising option, experts said.

“I think it’s unlikely that D.O.J. will seek some sort of breakup here,” said Bill Baer, a former head of the Justice Department’s an،rust division. “It’s more likely there will be some sort of restrictions on Google’s behavior going forward.”

In the late 1990s, the Justice Department mounted a lengthy an،rust challenge to Microsoft’s dominance, saying it had used its power over operating systems to lock out some of the earliest web browsers. The company ultimately settled with the government, agreeing to give computer makers more options to feature software that wasn’t made by Microsoft. The legal standards set by that case were referred multiple times throug،ut the Google trial.

Now, Judge Mehta may similarly shape the tech industry and broader regulatory efforts to rein in its tactics.

Mr. Baer said the ruling could help draw the lines for what behavior is fair game for a company that operates a valuable and thriving platform and wants to defend its dominance. That would apply not just to Google’s search engine. Apple’s App Store, Amazon’s marketplace and Meta’s many social networks are all platforms — and face many of the same an،rust questions.

“The facts are somewhat different,” Mr. Baer said. “But there’s a lot in common in terms of: At what point does your behavior intended to exclude rivals cons،ute an unlawful effort to maintain your monopoly position?”