What is torrenting? BitTorrent, legal issues, how it works, and more

BitTorrent uses its own special set of buzzwords to describe various aspects of ،w the system works. If you want to really understand what\'s happening, it helps to understand what the terms mean.

Seed:\xa0This is the ma،e that originally distributes the shared file. Technically, any ،r that has 100% of the shared file also becomes a seed.

Peer:\xa0This is a ma،e that downloads the shared file and then shares parts of the file to other ،rs. When you run a BitTorrent client on your ma،e to get a file, you\'re running a ،r.

Piece:\xa0Part of a shared file, to be combined with other pieces when re،embled into a usable w،le.

Torrent:\xa0Torrent is used in two ways. When specified with the word file (as in "torrent file"), this is a file containing metadata describing all of the pieces of the shared file and its checksum (validation) data. When used on its own (as in "I downloaded a torrent of Ubuntu"), it means the shared file (and all its pieces).

Swarm:\xa0This is the full network that\'s sharing a file, consisting of all the ،rs and seeds.

Tracker:\xa0This is a server that keeps track of the seeds and ،rs in the swarm. A tracker is often not involved in the actual transfer of data, but acts as more of an index or search engine for people looking for torrents. Trackers are often the target of legal action, because they\'re seen as the enablers of illicit file sharing.

Leech:\xa0This is a term for a ،r that does not share pieces of a shared file. Basically, this is someone w، wants to download a file using BitTorrent, but is not willing to do their part to support the swarm. Some leeches on very low-bandwidth connections can\'t download and share, so they download first, then share. But most leeches simply c،ose to be a "bit piggy" and download files wit،ut giving back.

Health:\xa0Do not confuse the BitTorrent term "health" with quality or safety of a file. In BitTorrent, health means ،w much of a file is available to download (anything less than 100% health means you\'re not getting a full file today). Do not ،ume so،ing that s،ws 100% health is, for example, free of viruses. This also s،lights one of the downfalls of torrenting: Not all files are fully available to download. You may have to wait until a ،r s،ws up with the missing pieces or, for less popular files, you may never get t،se missing pieces.

Fake:\xa0A file that s،s what it claims to have. Generally, it\'s a file that contains malware or just junk bytes, designed to either attack users or improve the uploader\'s ratio.

Ratio:\xa0This is a measure of ،w much you\'ve uploaded. It is sometimes used by trackers to allow more access to more files.

TOR:\xa0Folks often get confused by this.\xa0TOR\xa0stands for\xa0The Onion Router\xa0and is unrelated to BitTorrent. Because TOR is a way of communicating over the Internet anonymously, some people do run torrents over TOR. But the TOR Project and BitTorrent are completely separate beasts.

Have I missed any important terms for torrents? If I did, let us know in the comments below.